Which outcome is expected if a toddler is not allowed to exercise their will during the "Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt" stage?

During the "Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt" stage, which occurs roughly between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, toddlers are beginning to assert their independence and explore their capabilities. If a toddler is not allowed to exercise their will during this critical developmental phase, they may begin to internalize feelings of doubt and shame regarding their ability to make choices and control their environment.

This lack of autonomy can lead to an environment that discourages exploration and experimentation, which are essential for healthy development. Instead of gaining confidence in their abilities, the child may start to believe that they are incapable of making successful decisions or handling tasks independently, which fosters doubt. This doubt can manifest later as a reluctance to take risks or try new things, leading to ongoing issues with self-esteem and self-efficacy.

These outcomes highlight the importance of allowing toddlers to make choices and learn from their experiences, as this is foundational for developing a sense of autonomy and confidence.